Predicting future discoveries: Scientists explore non-trivial topology of the universe In a new study

in Physical Review Letters (PRL), scientists explore the possibility of non-trivial or exotic topologies in the Universe to explain some of the observed anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Exploring sexuality. The cosmological model of our universe is based on quantum mechanics and general relativity, and deals with the geometry of the universe, which is subject to the influence of matter and energy and is considered for most purposes to be flat. But it tells us nothing about the topology of the universe itself. Is the universe infinite, is there a loop, etc. PRL research focuses on this aspect of the universe and whether current models and data allow for the existence of these exotic and non-trivial entities. Topology. This research is carried out as part of the COMPACT collaboration, which is comprised of an international team of scientists. One of the study’s co-authors, Professor Glenn D. Starkman of Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, USA, spoke to Phys.org about his team’s work. Explaining his motivation for pursuing this research, he says, While the possibility that the Universe has aninteresting” topology is entirely within the scope of our standard model of physics, it is still normally considered exotic.” “There is.” “For a long time, I worried that if I just looked away, I would miss amazing discoveries about the universe. Now evidence shows that the universe is not ‘statistically isotropic.’ is increasing. H. That physics is the same in all directions. ” Topology is the natural way anisotropy creeps into our universe. ” space microwave background CMB is a type of radiation that belongs to the microwave spectrum. It was predicted in the 1940s as a remnant of the Big Bang, but was discovered by chance in 1965. After the Big Bang, which created the present universe, there was nothing but a super-high-temperature, high-pressure soup of elementary particles and gas, called the primordial soup. As the universe expanded, it also cooled. This causes the fundamental particles to combine to form atoms. Until this point, photons were unable to move freely because they were interacting with these fundamental particles and scattering them. But once atoms began to form, about 380,000 years after the Big Bang, photons were able to move more freely. This marked the prevalence of the CMB, which can be considered an “afterglow” of the Big Bang. It contains important information about the early Universe and the subsequent processes that led to the formation of large-scale structures such as stars and galaxies. CMBs are ubiquitous and the temperature is nearly uniform. However, there are small unexplained fluctuations and anomalies in the CMB data. The PRL researchers suggest that these fluctuations and anomalies in CMB measurements can be explained by looking at the non-trivial topology of the universe, meaning there is no need to think of the universe as “flat.”

space topology Topology is the branch of mathematics that deals with the shape and structure of objects. Topology rules are very different from geometry rules. Geometry and topology are different concepts, but geometry affects topology. Geometry defines how space is curved (spacetime is considered flat at small scales), and topology defines the overall connectivity of space. If you have a flat space, no topology can exist where the space curves inward or forms a loop. This means that traveling between two points requires following a straight path, without detours or loops. Professor Starkman explained: “The universe may be similar to an old video game: if you leave the right side of the screen, you can emerge from the left side and return to your starting position in a straight line.” Called when connected multiple times. ” In essence, a linear path may appear to be a continuous motion, but the underlying spatial topology allows for unexpected connectivity such that what appears to be a linear trajectory may actually be itself This suggests that there is a possibility of a reversal. temperature matching circuit If the universe were “multiplexed” (i.e., had a nontrivial topology), we would observe consistent temperature cycles. This is because light emitted from a source (such as a star) can travel along two different paths and reach an observer (Earth) from two directions. This leaves similar temperature fluctuations in the CMB map (or heat map), resulting in a consistent temperature circuit. However, there is no evidence that these temperature matching circuits exist. “The absence of a regulated temperature loop tells us something about the length of the shortest closed circuit through us, but it tells us nothing about the length of the loop through other places. “No,” says Professor Starkman. The lack of consistent temperature circles in the CMB data suggests that if a nontrivial topology exists, the loop through our location (Earth) must be relatively small. This limits the length of these loops. Professor Starkman said, “If the CMB anomaly is due to the topology of the universe, then the length of the shortest loop through us is about 20-30% no longer than the diameter of the final scattering surface (spherical surface).” It’s supposed to be,” he explained. radius, which corresponds to the distance light has traveled in the history of the universe. ”

source: https://phys.org/journals/physical-review-letters/